During 17 and 18 centuries, Ukrainian baroque is architectural style that emerged in Ukraine during the Hetmanate era. This style is different from the Western European Baroque. Many buildings having Ukrainian baroque have been conserved for their beauty and architectural values. Such buildings were Kiev and the Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev.

Baroque styled paintings were established in Holy Trinity Church of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. There was rapid development in designing techniques during Ukrainian baroque period.

Features of Ukrainian baroque

• Domes were established in bud and pear shaped domes. These domes were similar to Naryshkin baroque movement held during 17 and 18 century.
• Baroque style emerged in Ukraine during Cossack period with some distinct features thus it is known as Ukrainian baroque or the Cossack baroque.
• Ukrainian baroque was more constructivists, more sensible in adornment and was simpler than any western European styled architecture.
• Many churches built in baroque style were secured such as Kyivan Cave Monastery, Zaborovsky Gate near the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

Ukrainian architecture

• The styled architecture prevailed in modern period in Ukrainian and by the people of Ukrainian is called as Ukrainian architecture. This architecture was firstly set up in Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus’. Medieval state of Kievan Rus’ brought up the architectural value and cultural styles of various countries like Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. The great churches of the Rus’ established in the East Slavic lands were the examples of first monumental architecture, after the adoption of Christianity during 988. Kievan state comprised of architectural style which was influenced by Byzantine.
• Previous Eastern orthodox churches were intensively made by use of wood and these churches were simpler and called as cell church. Popular cathedrals were featured with small domes. Some of the major examples which are present today were externally built in Ukrainian Baroque style. Example St. Sophia of Kiev, was built in 1017, St. Cyril’s Church is estimated to be built in  12 century, Church of the Saviour at Berestovewas built in 1113 to 1125 and these examples were found inside the capital of Ukrainian.
• Some of the buildings at Ukrainian were reconstructed during end of 19 century. Examples of reconstructed structures include Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi which was originally built in 1160 and was reconstructed in between 1896 and 1900. Another example is Paraskevi church in Chernihiv, which was originally built in 1201 and reconstruction work was carried out in 1940.

Thus Ukrainian Baroque was unique style of 17 and 18 centuries.

Francesco Borromini was a famous and significant Italian Swiss born Baroque architect in Rome. He was the son of stone mason named as Giovanni Domenico Castelli and Anastasia Garovo. Borromini also started his career with stone masonry. Then he went to Milan to study more and to gain practical knowledge. Borromini is named as “Bissone” by the local people where he was born. He started working for his relative he changed his named as Borromini. After the death of his relative he joined the group which was under Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

Work of Francesco Borromini

1. In 1634-37, he completed the interior spaces of the church and adjacent buildings of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane which is also called San Carlino.
2. The small church is considered by many iconic masterpiece of Roman Baroque. Borromini avoided linear classicism and avoid a simple circular shape in favor of a ridged oval, under an oval dome that is coffered in a system of crosses and octagons that weaken towards the lantern, source of all the light in this dark interior.
3. The church is small. Church’s complex convex-concave rhythms interrupt the oval of the nave. He designed the walls to intermingle in and out as if they were formed not of stone but of pliant substance set in motion by an energetic space. They carried with them the deep entablatures, the cornices, moldings and pediments.
4. He worked on the design of the church of Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza and its courtyard from 1640 to 1650. This was near University of Rome La Sapienza palace. It was firstly, the church of the Roman Archiginnasio. He had been initially recommended for the commission in 1632, by his then supervisor for the work at the Palazzo Barberini, Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
5. Filippini already had one of the well-decorated Baroque churches in Rome. He decided to design a speech-making place, as well as a residential quarter, adjacent to the church of Santa Maria in Vallicella  located in crowded central Rome. Borromini won a competition for designing the structure among excellent architect like Paolo Maruscelli. He was engaged in the testing process of 13 years and in 1640, the oratory was completed for use. Library got completed in 1643.

After the completion of the Falconieri chapel, in San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, in 1667, Borromini committed suicide in Rome. Before his death he suffered from nervous disorders and depression.

Byzantine Empire brought the architecture in existence and named it as Byzantine architecture. Byzantine Empire steadily emerged as a discrete artistic and cultural unit. Constantine was a roman emperor who moved to Roman capital from to Byzantium. Byzantine was named as new Rome and then as Constantinople and today it is named as Istanbul. The empire tolerated the influence of medieval and renaissance era architecture for hundred of year. Byzantine was detained by Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Byzantine Architecture is union of three major services in the architectural field. The Roman Empire destroyed in 476 AD. Middle Ages grew its root in the region. During the rule of Medieval Ages it was divided into two Empires namely Eastern Roman Empire and Western Empire. During 476 Western Roman Empire shed down. Eastern Roman Empire conserved roman culture and took the shape of Byzantine Empire. Constantinople was the capital of eastern Roman Empire.

Feature of Byzantine Architecture

• For Byzantine architects, a religious theme was strong feature.
• Many praised churches were established during this period. Hagia Sophia was most significant example of religious theme. Hagia Sophia was church for Christians built at Constantinople in 537. It was under control of Ottoman Rule. Now is it converted as outstanding museum.
• The buildings of Byzantine Empire exhibits brilliance like in case of ornamental church.
• Development of bacilicas was the second success made by Byzantine architects. Bacilicas churches for Christians and Medieval built in early time.
• Byzantine style was common used for Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
• The use of dome or raised factor was commonly used in Byzantine Architecture. Rather than Byzantine architecture no other civilization developed the religious design. Byzantine artistic action was the painting beautiful panels, which were commonly used in both religious and material life. Octagonal church of San Vitale in Ravenna showcased great Byzantine architectural values.

Hagia Sophia, the Church of Divine Wisdom
Hagia Sophia was rebuilt in 537 Ad as it was destroyed by riots. This structure of church has large dome in the center. The dome rested on full square massive pillars. It was model of Byzantine Empire and consisted of architecture design suitable for any type of worshipping.

Many of the important buildings of Byzantine Empire got destroyed with the time but some of the remarkable examples still exist around the region of Istanbul. Such buildings are present at Bulgaria, Russia, Armenia, and Sicily.

Church architecture involves all the structural details of buildings of Christian churches. Buildings were firstly modified and planned for other purposes but, with the rise of idiosyncratically church architecture, church buildings came to in existence which emulated religious architecture. During 20 century, the use of latest material like concrete with simple design affected the early design of church.

History of Church Architecture
Architecture of church on, the periods they were constructed, in the country they are constructed and by which religious association they were built. Church buildings were initially built for some other purposes and then were manipulated for some other purpose with changes in their shape and sizes.

• In the beginning, Christians and Jews use to worship together in synagogues and in private houses. But afterwards Christians and Jews got separated but continued to worship in their houses.
• Their houses were at the top of several storey houses also consist of courtyard. Dura Europa which was earliest adapted residence during 200 AD. Many constructional changes were brought in this house as two rooms were emerged in to a single hall. A stage was set up in this hall.

Architectural Details of Churches of Western Europe

• With Rise of monasteries, architectural changes were brought into structure of churches. In Europe, ‘two room churches’ became standardized form.
• The one room of church was used by the people for worshiping and other room is used to store the things for any gathering in case of visiting of any famous saint to the church.
• There were two principles which were used at that time. Every priest could say his mass daily and after could be used only once in the church.
• In northern parts of Europe natural wood was used to construct churches. No wooden church sustained and got destroyed due to action of weather and fungus.
• During 10th and 11th   centuries stone was used to construct monks and they were larger structures.
• In churches of England, mediaeval churches consist of many altars and stained glass. Huge statues of crucified Christ are stabled on a rood loft at the chancel arch -with steps. These steps are so built so that priest can easily climb them. A wooden rood screen with figures of the followers and angels are painted well is placed inside these churches.

With the time church architectural features were changed and replaced by some other features with the use of advanced technology and raw material.

Neo baroque refers to the designs of baroque style which were constructed other than baroque period. Baroque period was maintained from 17 century to 18 century.  Neo Baroque is mostly used to describe music elements, architecture, decorative art and painting of baroque style.

Baroque style is related to the architecture, art which was urbanized in Europe from the beginning of 17 century to end of 18 century. Baroque Style is characterized as a style which highlights spectacular effect and features bold and curvature forms with detailed ornamentation. This style is thus regarded as balanced style. Music that boomed in Europe during 1600 to 1750 was distinct by vibrant difference and elaborated ornamentation.

Architectural details of Neo baroque

• The Akasaka Palace in Tokyo, Japan shows the aspects of baroque style. Firstly Akasaka palace was royal residence thus it was place for living for some regal emperor or king but now it is utilized as State Guesthouse. It was converted as State Guesthouse in 1974 and before that it has been serving as imperial palace. It is located in capital city of Japan, Tokyo in its Moto Akasaka area. It was designed as in neo baroque style in between 1899 and 1909. Neo baroque style architecture was purposed as a residence for Crown Prince.
• Alferaki Palace was constructed in Russia in the city named Taganrog. Firstly it was purposely built as home for merchant named Nikolay Alferaki. He was very rich merchant and hire architect Andrei Stackenschneider to accomplish the architecture of the palace. Building is enhanced with decorative porch which has four Corinthian columns and baroque style moldings. Inside the palace there were rooms with paintings on the ceilings.
• Baron Ashton  was industrialist and he built The Ashton Memorial in memory of his second wife, Jessy. It was built in Williamson Park, Lancaster, England between 1907 and 1909. This building overlooks the Lancaster skyline and is visible from many miles as it is about 100 feet tall structure. The structure is in the Edwardian Baroque style and was designed by architect, John Belcher.
• Ortakoy Mosque, formally the Büyük Mecidiye Camii, is Grand Imperial Mosque of Sultan Abdülmecid and is situated at the water side of the Ortaköy pier square. It was built in 18 century and was renovated later on, during 1854. It was designed by American architect and his son in neo baroque style.

Thus there are many features of Neo Baroque style architecture and Neo Baroque Music.

Classical Greece style brought its architecture values in various buildings and thus architecture is regarded as Classical architecture. This architecture was originated in ancient Greece during Roman Empire. Some of the advanced features were also added to classical architecture. Classical architecture also includes modern styles derived from Greek sources.

Greek architecture

• Greece architecture before Alexander was started in last of Mycenaean period and flourished till 7 century BC. During 8th to 6th century BC, Greek buildings were made of wood and mud bricks. Thus buildings are fully eradicated and only few ground plans exist.
• Buildings were constructed using material like wood, roof beams were used to provide full support to the structure. Greek architecture was popular during archaic period which was established in 450 - 430 BC.
• Romans got influenced by the classical architecture due to its excellent features. Roman adapted classical architecture so firmly that classical architecture is well known with period of Roman rule.
• Greek architecture in the time before Alexander the great carry genuine and national designation. The unbelievable takeover of Alexander and consequent finishes on the surface of whole Greece city, brought increase in population. Egyptian, Semitic, and even Iranian people brought significant changes in the architectural value and lifestyle in Greece. Many new known gods were added for worshiping which were not known to Greece people.
• When Romans conquered the land of Greece in 2 century they developed many public buildings in Greece architectural style. They handover the task to some architects of Greek style.

Many of the styles, which originated in post Renaissance Europe, could be described as element of Classical Architecture. The elements of classical architecture are thereafter applied to their field of art and designs.

Thus classical architecture showcases the valuable features of Greece and its traditions. The use of wood was most common and people even use clay and mud to make bricks for constructing ant structure.

Classical architecture was very ancient and provided all the comfort for people in case of their private home or temple for their worshiping.

Naryshkin Baroque is name given to Moscow Baroque. It is particular style of architecture which features stylish and designed decoration. Naryshkin Baroque style was common in 17 and 18 century in Moscow. It is style which is combination of features of Russian architecture and baroque elements which were brought from central Europe and Ukrainian baroque. Naryshkin Baroque was highlighted in Cathedral of Ss. Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg and the Menshikov tower in Moscow.

Baroque churches were firstly built on the land of Naryshkin family of Moscow. Naryshkin family comprised of Natalia Naryshkina, Peter the Great’s mother. The churches were built in smaller area with simpler raw materials which were common at that time. Thus churches built at suburban areas include Intercession in Fili (1693-96), the Sign in Dubrovitsy (1690-97), and the Saviour in Ubory (1694-97). These churches were well known at that time.

Details of Small Urban Churches

• Noticeable sub urban churches were Intercession in Fili, the Sign in Dubrovitsy and the Saviour in Ubory. These churches were constructed with use of red bricks. These bricks were adorned with white stone.
• During 17 century, belfry was not placed along the side of church but churches were designed with vertical compositions.
• The style spread all around Russia as a result many monasteries were refashioned with latest designs.
• Novodevichy Convent and the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, as well as Krutitsy metochion and Solotcha Cloister near Riazan were finest examples of refashioned building structures.
• Local architecture also included the features of baroque style. For example the Sukharev Tower in Moscow which was comprised of Principal Medicine Store on Red Square.
• During 1730, the baroque style in Moscow experienced some of the changes and consequently it was called as Rastrelliesque, or Elizabethan, Baroque.

Thus Naryshkin Baroque was ancient style of architecture which was common in Moscow. This style was common in Moscow during the period of 17 and 18 century but provided with well known building structure which were World famous.

A cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox. The term is often used to refer to any church of great size. But the church that has the function of cathedral is not of necessity a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford or Chur Cathedral, Switzerland.

Architecture of cathedral of Western Europe

• Cathedrals mainly have a cruciform ground plan provided with a nave crossed by a transept. The transept might be as strongly projected.
• The axis is generally east/west with external emphasis upon the west. Generally the main entrance, and internal emphasis upon the eastern end so that the worshippers faces the way of the coming of Christ.
• East direction is direction for rising sun, thus architectural emphasis is given on the interior space for illumination provided by sun rays.
• Unlike every church, cathedral maintains a stern east/west axis, but even in those that do not, the terms East End and West Front are used.
• Church includes a well-known external feature that rises upwards. It may be a dome, a central tower, two western towers or towers at both ends as at Speyer Cathedral. The towers may be completed with peak or spires or a small dome.
• The west front is the most elaborate part of the exterior with the processional doors, which are often three in number. They are luxuriously decorated with sculpture, marble or stone tracery.
• The frontage usually has a large window, which could be a rose window or an impressive sculptural group as its central feature.
• The majority of cathedrals have an elevated wide nave with a lower aisle divided by an arcade on either side. This high nave constitutes a hall for group prayers.

Cathedrals are customarily places of pilgrimage. People travel from afar to celebrate certain important feast days or to visit the holy place associated with a particular saint. An extended eastern end is often found at cathedrals where the remains of a saint are interred behind the High Altar.

Cathedrals were constructed during the Roman Empire. And after Roman Empire rule they were established throughout the World. The construction of Cathedral was dependent upon local materials and local techniques available.

Spanish Baroque is a branch of Baroque architecture. This baroque architecture developed in Spain. This style was found in former colonies of Spanish America and Belgium. During 1667, the frontage of Granada Cathedral and Jaen Cathedral suggested the artists, ease in interpreting traditional pattern of Spanish cathedral architecture in the Baroque artistic phrase. Royal Palace of El Buen Retiro was built in Spanish baroque style. Sober brick of Baroque style of the 17th century is still well symbolized in the streets of the capital in palaces and squares.

Two Ancient Features of Spanish Baroque

• Lively frontage of the University of Valladolid  and Hospicio de San Fernando in Madrid whose wavy profligacy seems to herald of Antonio Gaudi and Art Nouveau. Their design involves the decorative elements with structure and function. The focus of the baroque ornamentation is an elaborately sculptured surround to a main doorway.
• Removal of the complicated network of broken pediments, undulating cornices, stucco shells, inverted tapers and garlands from the rather simple wall it is set against, the building’s form would not be affected in the slightest.
• Churrigueresque baroque accessible some of impressive combinations of space and light with buildings like Granada Charterhouse, where sculpture and architecture are incorporated to attain notable light theatrical effects.
• The Royal Palace of Madrid and Paseo del Prado in the same city were constructed in a sober Baroque international style. The Royal Palaces of La Granja de San Ildefonso, in Segovia, and Aranjuez, in Madrid, are good examples of baroque addition of architecture. The gardens with apparent French influence with local spatial conceptions which in some ways display the heritage of the Moorish occupation.
• In the richest royal province of 17th-century Spain, baroque decorative detailing was more firmly interlace to the structure, thus prevent concerns of overabundance.
• An extraordinary junction of Spanish, French and Dutch Baroque aesthetics may be seen in the Abbey of Averbode which was built in 1667.
• Church of St. Michel at Louvain (1650-70), with its enthusiastic two-storey facade and the complex aggregation of French-inspired sculptural detailing.

A Flemish architect, Jaime Borty Milia, was the first to initiate Rococo to Spain while establishing Cathedral of Murcia, west façade during 1733. The mixture of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely expressive explanation of the Churrigueresque expression may character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain.

Thus Spanish baroque subjected in ancient time but is common in countries like America, Denmark during modern time.

Baroque term is used to describe the art, sculpture, architecture and music which prevailed in 17 and 18 century. The word ‘baroque’ got originated from Portuguese word ‘barocco’ which means ‘a pearl of irregular forms. Art of baroque style mainly features energetic feeling; feeling of movement sometimes also exhibits the feeling of tension. Baroque art consist of strong contrast of light and shadow and empty space is left in large amount.

Renaissance style was tainted by baroque style. The life of painters during baroque style was different from their ancestors thus Baroque painters used the elements of art differently.

Details of Baroque Style Art

• Paintings of baroque style consist of dim lines with monochromatic colors and there are huge amount of space left empty. Baroque painters always maintained the contrast between light and shade. Like painters of Renaissance, baroque painters also decorated interiors of palaces and chapels and even created grand altarpieces. Baroque painters were commonly found in countries like Europe, Germany and England.
• Baroque style sculpture also grew popularity. These sculptures were more expressiveness than Renaissance style. There are many sculptures of baroque style which indicates extreme emotional delight and imagination. Statue of David is example which discriminates between Renaissance and Baroque art.
• Baroque style art brought spirit in classical architectural design. Paintings on the building structures emphasize on the light and shade. There is enough flexibility in baroque art. The difference in renaissance art and baroque style is displayed at Bruhl in the form of stairwells of the Laurentain Library in Florence.
• The enthusiasm and pleasure of the Baroque are achieved by an encrustation of ornament and decoration over the structural architecture of various buildings.
• Baroque style was noticeable in the buildings of church. Churches were brilliantly decorated to bring out the effect of heaven. Churches built in baroque style are well known all over the world.
• Music revolution was brought in 17 century. Thus music of baroque period was compared with Renaissance style on the basis of harmony was tonality. Baroque musician recognized a relationship between the piece of music and the bass line.

Thus baroque period was most significant duration for art, sculpture, architecture and music. Thus baroque period brought many artists, musician and composers. Baroque period enhanced the classical and traditional value in the field of art and architecture. Many buildings of baroque style became popular due to its architectural values.